倒裝(Inversion)是一種語(yǔ)法手段,用以強(qiáng)調(diào)一定句子結(jié)構(gòu)或某一句子成分,把正常情況下較晚出現(xiàn)的句子成分移至句首,使之處于突出的位置。英語(yǔ)句子的倒裝有兩種情況,一是由于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝,二是由于修辭的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的,否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤;后一種情況,倒裝是選擇性的,倒裝與否只會(huì)產(chǎn)生表達(dá)效果上的差異。

　　由于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行的倒裝有兩種,將主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全顛倒過(guò)來(lái),叫做完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)。如:On the wall hang two large portraits。只將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一部分(如be,have,助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等)移至主語(yǔ)之前,叫做部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。如: Seldom has drumming caused such conflict。下面我結(jié)合英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐，對(duì)兩種倒裝句的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分類(lèi)分析。

　　(一)完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)

1.當(dāng)句首是here/there/in/up/down/on/out/back/then等表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、方位的副詞,而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是rush/run/com/go等不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),用全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),此時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不需要助動(dòng)詞。

如:For a moment nothing happened. Then (B) all shouting together. 

　　A. voices had come  B. came voices

　　C. voices would come D. did voices come

　　但如果主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)不倒裝。如：Here you are. There she comes。

　　2.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)。如:On the wall hang two large portraits。

　　3.當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)等不及物動(dòng)詞,而且地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提至句首時(shí),或當(dāng)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的表語(yǔ)提前時(shí)或在句型中,都可以引起全部倒裝,此時(shí)要注意主謂一致。

　　4.直接引語(yǔ)的部分或全部位于句首時(shí),點(diǎn)明說(shuō)話(huà)人的部分主謂語(yǔ)要倒裝。

　　(二)部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)

　　1.否定或否定意義的副詞或介詞置于句首時(shí),引起部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),常見(jiàn)的詞有little/never/not/seldom/no longer 等。新課標(biāo)Unit23中有很多這樣的例子。如:Neither could they relax or read a book without plugging their ears.

　　2. “not only...(but also)...”位于句首引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句時(shí),前一個(gè)分句中的主謂要采用部分倒裝,第二個(gè)分句則不倒裝。如: The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only (B) , but students became more interested in the lessons.

A. saved was teachers’ energy

B. was teachers’energy saved

　　C. teachers’ energy was saved

　　D. was saved teachers’ energy

　　3. only修飾的狀語(yǔ)(副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句)位于句首時(shí)。如:Only with more practice can you pass the driving test. 但only修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí),則不倒裝。如:Only the teacher has the right to do that.

　　4. not until位于句首時(shí),只有主句用倒裝,until引導(dǎo)的從句不倒裝。如:Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.

　　5.在no sooner...than..., hardly/scarcely/barely...　　When... 結(jié)構(gòu)中,前面部分位于句首時(shí),其后的分句要部分倒裝(謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí))。如:No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded by the workers.

　　6. so/neither/nor開(kāi)頭的句子,說(shuō)明前面的內(nèi)容也適用于后者時(shí),用倒裝句“so/neither/nor + be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。如:He is a teacher, so am I.

　　但同意對(duì)方的看法,表示“是的、確實(shí)”之意時(shí),用“so+主語(yǔ)+be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”句式,即主謂不倒裝。如:Jam is a good students. So he is.

　　7. as/though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可將謂語(yǔ)部分的形容詞/名詞/動(dòng)詞等提到句首,采用部分倒裝。如果位于句首的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,其前不加冠詞。如:Child as he is, he knows a lot.

　　8.在so/such...that...結(jié)構(gòu)中,so/such及其修飾部分位于句首時(shí),主句要用部分倒裝。

　　如:So sudden （C） that the enemy had no time to escape.

A. did the attack  B. the attack did  C. was the attack

D. the attack was 　　

　　倒裝也是英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)重要的修辭手段。倒裝句可以用來(lái)突出強(qiáng)調(diào),平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),承上啟下,渲染氣氛,使描寫(xiě)更加生動(dòng)等作用。了解并掌握倒裝句各種句式的用法,不僅會(huì)提高我們對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的欣賞能力,也會(huì)大大提高我們的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力。